Conflict Between Arabs And Arabs - 3197 Words

For such a young and geographically small country, Israel boasts one of the most complicated geopolitical situations in the world today. Situated in Western Asia on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, it shares borders with Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan, the Palestinian territories, which include the West Bank and Gaza, Egypt, and the Red Sea. The Jewish state was created at the conclusion of World War II by the United Nations when the British Mandate expired and the State of Israel was officially established on May 14, 1948, but it lacked clear borders in an area where tensions between Arabs and Jews had already been in existence for thousands of years. Even though Israel is The Jewish State, demographics for 2014 show the population to be 75% Jewish and 24% Arab. This Arab population, mostly Palestinian, occupies what is known as the West Bank, which is controlled by the Palestinian Authority, but the Israeli Occupation and Military officially controls it and the Gaza St rip. The two groups struggle over how to divide the land, who should be allowed to live there, and who should be in control has led to the longest military occupation in history and one of the world s largest geopolitical conflicts. The Jewish people, the inhabitants of Israel, trace their heritage back to Abraham, who, along with his son and grandson, lived in present-day Israel in the Land of Canaan establishing it as a holy land for the Jewish people. These religious ties to the land fuelShow MoreRelatedArab Israeli Conflict Between Arab Nations And Israel1508 Words   |  7 PagesArab-Israeli Conflict The Arab-Israeli conflict refers to the political tension and military conflicts amongst certain Arab nations and Israel. The conflict began as a struggle over land, or the area now known as Palestine. This conflict began at the end of the nineteenth century with the rise of Zionism and Arab nationalism. Arab nationalism was a reaction response to Zionism in relation to this conflict. While the Arab nation initiated four wars, Israel defended itself and won each time. WhatRead MoreThe Conflict Between Arabs And Jews1788 Words   |  8 PagesSantoyo Midterm Research Assignment History 3390 Sabri Ates The 1967 war, also known as the six day war, was a continuation of the conflict between the Arabs and Jews. This war is significant because it helped reshape the political landscape of the region, and the reconfiguring of the Israeli borders due to the occupation by Israel after they defeated the Arab states in six days. The war also established Israel as a superpower in the middle east as they defeated Egypt, Jordan, and Syria and occupiedRead MoreThe Conflict Between Jewish And Arab State1549 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough Palestine declared independence as an Arab state, it still face obstacles in achieving its sovereignty. Former Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat planned to officially announce the statehood of Palestine in 1996 (Quigley). This action received a strong response from Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Netanyahu said recognition of Palestinian statehood would nullify the Israeli-Palestinian agreement. From this notion, Netanyahu threatened to invade Palestini an territories like the WestRead MoreThe Conflict Between Palestinian Arabs And Jews2267 Words   |  10 PagesThe conflict between Palestinian Arabs and Jews is a phenomenon that stems from the struggle over land defined exclusively as a â€Å"Holy Land† by both groups. Their competing claim to this territory and the constant struggle for exclusive political control has created irreconcilable differences. Jewish claim over the land is based on a covenant made between God and Abraham and the need for haven from the growing anti-Semitism in Europe. Palestinian Arabs claims to the land are based on their continuousRead MoreThe Arab Israeli Conflict Between Islam And Judaism Essay1466 Words   |  6 PagesThe Arab-Israeli conflict resulted not from a century long feud between Islam and Judaism, but from â€Å"claims to the same territory by competing nationalist movements.† These two movements, Zionism and Arab Nationalism, showcase the emerging question of identity dur ing the 19th and 20th centuries. The Arab states, long ruled by Western colonial powers, emerged from the Mandate system weak and powerless. Why British troops did not leave Palestine until May 1st, 1948. Prior to this, the British proclaimedRead MoreArab-Israeli Conflicts between 1948 and 19731227 Words   |  5 PagesBetween the period of 1948 and 1973 there was quite a bit of animosity and conflict between the Arab world and Israeli’s. This was caused by a struggle for land in the state of what was known as Palestine but to many it is now known as Israel. This conflict in the Middle East caused many wars between Israel and its surrounding Arab states. At the same time both USA and the USSR were trying to spread their ideologies and get a foothold in the Middle East because of strategic position, they wouldRead MoreThe Palestine Division: A Conflict Between Arabs and Israelis980 Words   |  4 PagesToday, as in most of human history, the world is always in war, extinct wars like World War II, apparently succeeding wars like Iraq and the United States and more hard as the war of Israel and Palestine. The last war mentioned, the Arab-Israeli conflict, has attracted the attention of the world for various issues such as the failed attempt at peace, or the history of both nations, but what is striking is the daily life of both sides, more specific daily terror of the Palestine for suicide bombingsRead MoreThe Two Superpowers and the Arab-Israeli Conflict between 1948 and 19781354 Words   |  5 PagesThe USA and the USSR were the two existing superpowers at the height of Arab-Israeli conflict in the Middle East from 1948-1978. Each superpower wanted to increase their sphere of influence in the region as they sought to gain strategic and geographical advantages as well as safeguarding their economic and resource interests, especially with regard to the supply of oil. Both superpowers fuelled the regional conflict by providing Middle Eastern countries with financial and military assistance inRead MoreThe British s Involvement During The 1947-1948 War Of Independence Essay1471 Words   |  6 Pagesduring the 1947-1948 War of Independence. The British s involvement in the conflict during the 1910 s-1940 s is responsible for those deaths through a narrative of events in the upcoming years to the war. The British fuelled the Arab-Israeli conflict by antagonising the Palestinian Arabs, by sentencing the Jewish people to death and by beginning the 1947-1948 Mandatory Palestine war of independence. The Arab-Israeli conflict roughly began with minor disagreements and altercations since the lateRead MoreThe Arab I sraeli Conflict Of Palestine Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe Arab-Israeli conflict began in 1948, when the British Mandate over Palestine ended. Resulting in the proclamation that established the Jewish state in Eretz Israel. The conflict was a struggle between the Jewish state or Israel and the Arabs of the Middle East concerning the territory and control over Palestine. The geographical area and political status of Palestine has changed dramatically over the years, but the region as always been considered Holy Land. This Holy Land is sacred among the

Coca Colas Micro and Macro Environment. - 3314 Words

University of Wales(MBA , Semester 1)Managing MarketingDate : 28th Sep,2009Table of ContentsPart AIntroduction and explanation of Macro environment................................pg 3The Coca-Cola...................................................................................................... pg 5Introduction............................................................................................ pg 5Bottlers.................................................................................................. Pg 6Influence of macro environment on Coca-Cola.............................. Pg7Conclusion........................................................................................Pg8Part BMarketing†¦show more content†¦(whatmakesgoodleader.com , [accessed : 09 Sep , 2009])LegalThe macro legal environment identifies legal changes and restriction for products to launch and grow their profitability , for example in many areas of world some products are not liked and al lowed to sell due to societal or religious obligations , in many areas some particular products and trends are warm welcomes , an example of this is pork and wine which is not permitted to trade legally . Therefore major food chains as McDonald and KFC use other sources to serve their customer. Political and socialPolitical and social macro environment identifies societal motives and trends , for example , in modern day world people prefer organic foods and greener environment , social behaviours , values and norms , society attitude towards different issues as global warming , make of family structure etc . Politically these issues are legalised in different areas of the world. TechnologicalThis identifies changes in daily life technologic scenarios of societies as now online markets has taken place of high street , online transaction play an important part in daily trade of economy. (12manage.com [accessed : 09 Sep , 2009 ])naturalNatural forces are also an important players in this regard as it heavily matters , what kind of weather a particular group of people living in. You cannot sell fur coats in Kenya and most parts of warm weathered countries, especially inShow MoreRelatedGrade 11 End of Year Business Studies Exam Paper2077 Words   |  9 PagesSelect the correct answer and simply write the letter (A – D) in the block provided alongside each question. 1.1.1 Government budgets and allocations to the various sectors forms part of the ............... A. Fiscal Policy. B. Monetary Policy. C. Micro-lending. D. REPO rate. 1.1.2 Which of the following are the characteristics of the company Urban Brew Ltd: i. It’s name ends with proprietary limited ii. The liability of shareholders is limited iii. Meeting of shareholders are required iv. The publicRead MoreCoca Col A Brand Of Multinational American Company1928 Words   |  8 PagesExecutive summary Coca cola is a brand of multinational American company that produces beverages. This company does not only produce coca cola and other products but it also acts as a manufacturer, retailer, and marketer of the products manufactured. Many non-alcoholic beverages are also present in the company’s profile where syrups and non-alcoholic concentrates are few examples. The company is headquartered in Georgia in the state of Atlanta. The original product of the company for which it wasRead MoreThe Role Of External Environment On The Business Environment1438 Words   |  6 Pagesrequires elements of the individual and the environment. If you take away either of these important elements that are required for success it becomes impossible to operate in the business environment. Regarding an organization, the environmental factors may be classified into different types-external and internal environment. The external environment has an indirect influence on the business that is uncontrol lable by the organization. The internal environment, on the other hand, has a direct impact onRead MoreMarketing Principles/ Coca Cola2971 Words   |  12 Pages...............................................................................Page 4/5 Benefits and Costs- Assessment Criteria: 2.1............................................................................................Page 5/6 Macro and Micro Environmental Factors- Assessment Criteria: 2.2................................................................................................Page 7 Segmentation Criteria - Assessment Criteria: 2.3...................................Read MoreCoca Cola Business Strategy2497 Words   |  10 PagesCoca-cola INTRO There are many factors, internal as well as external that impact the planning function of management within an organization, and Coca-Cola is no exception. More than a billion times every day, thirsty people around the world reach for Coca-Cola products for refreshment. Coca-Cola is the most popular and biggest-selling soft drink in history, as well as the best-known product in the world. The Coca-Cola franchise covers a population of approximately 398 million people. Coca-Cola EnterprisesRead MoreCoca Cola Analysis7777 Words   |  32 Pages      Business and financial analysis of coca cola    ANALYSIS  OF  FINANCIAL  PERFORMANCE   OF  COCA  COLA  COMPANY   Research Analysis Report   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  30/09/2008            â€Å"The Coca Cola Company† The Evaluation of the Business Financial Performance of â€Å"The Coca Cola Company† The Evaluation of the Business Financial Performance of â€Å"The Coca Cola Company† Introduction 1 Brief  History ..Read MoreMK0272 Essay3670 Words   |  15 Pagessummary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 2.0 External environment analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 3.0 Market strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....5 4.0 Marketing research result †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....6 5.0 Marketing mix summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...9 6.0 and 7.0 Detailed strategy for promotion and Controls†¦10 8.0 Reflection Stateme†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..... 13 Reference list†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.........16 Appendices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦............19 1.0 Executive summary   The Coca-Cola Company (â€Å"Coca-Cola†) was founded in 1886 which isRead MoreEconomic Sustainability4272 Words   |  18 PagesChapter2:Economic sustainability Blackground of Swire Coca-Cola HK Swire Coca-Cola Hong Kong Limited (Swire Coca-Cola HK Ltd.) In Hong Kong has the franchise of Coca-Cola and the Coca-Cola brand products. Swire Coca-Cola Hong Kong s major soft drink manufacturer. The company employs nearly fourteen hundred employees, operate 17 production lines, the annual production of more than 60 million cases of drinks. In addition to Coca-Cola, the company also produces Coke Zero, Diet Coke, Vanilla Coke Read MoreCoca Cola Case Study3361 Words   |  14 Pagescustomers. †¢ In addition to the insight that you’ll gain into customer needs, market-research studies can help you avoid costly mistakes, such as introducing an unpopular line of goods or developing a service that no one really wants Example †¢ Coca-Cola s introduction of New Coke in the 1980s demonstrates what happens when decisions aren t supported by solid research. Coke revised the formula of its traditional brand of soft drink and lost millions in sales. By performing a study and determiningRead MoreCoke Marketing Plan4596 Words   |  19 PagesEvaluation, Monitoring and Control 24 Monitoring and Controlling 26 Sales Analysis 27 Market Share Evaluation 27 Marketing Profitability Analysis 27 Market Research 27 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Giant soft drink company Coca-Cola has come under intense scrutiny by the investors due to its inability to effectively carry out its marketing program. Consequently it is seeking the help of new Marketing Company to develop a professional marketing plan which will help the business

The Secret Circle The Divide Chapter 9 Free Essays

Witch hunters go back as far as witches. Just as Cassie was descended from a long line of powerful ancestors, the witch hunters, too, had their lineage. That’s what Cassie’s mom told her as they walked down Crowhaven Road toward Melanie’s house. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Divide Chapter 9 or any similar topic only for you Order Now They walked side by side, her mother carrying a casserole dish and Cassie holding a few soothing herbs from the garden. Cassie felt her hair lifted by the salty wind coming off the ocean, and she watched the trees fill with that same wind. The birds nesting within the trees began to sing and a strange sort of calm came over her. â€Å"The symbol you saw on Constance’s forehead was an ancient mark only a true hunter could make,† her mother said. â€Å"Something must have brought them to New Salem.† Cassie noticed the tiny crocus buds just beginning to poke their heads up from the ground alongside the sidewalk. Spring is still on its way, she thought, even as we’re being hunted and killed. â€Å"I wish whatever brought them to New Salem would leave,† she said. Melanie’s house was so crowded when they arrived that they could barely get through the door. It appeared that everyone who’d been at the spring festival and seen Constance collapse had come now to pay their respects to the old woman. The first familiar face Cassie saw belonged to Sally Waltman. What was she doing here? Had she come with Portia? Were Portia’s brothers, Jordan and Logan, here, too? A million worst-case scenarios raced through Cassie’s mind. Were they hoping to turn Constance’s wake into a celebration? Jordan and Logan were longtime enemies of the Circle, and Cassie wouldn’t put it past them to gloat publicly over the death of a witch. But when Sally met Cassie’s eyes and approached her with an outstretched hand, she recognized that Sally had come alone, with only good intentions. â€Å"I’m so sorry for your loss, and for Melanie’s loss,† she said. She looked a little nervous to be there. She fidgeted with her dress and played with her rust-colored hair. â€Å"Thank you,† Cassie said hesitantly. Sally continued, speaking almost directly to Cassie’s hesitation. â€Å"I know I don’t belong here,† she said, â€Å"and that your friends don’t even like me, but Constance always greeted me warmly when I’d see her in town, and she was a nice lady, and I guess I just wanted to stop by to pay my respects.† Sally took a breath and Cassie gently patted her on the back. It was true, the Circle didn’t like Sally very much, and she and Cassie would probably never really be friends, but since last fall when they’d overlooked their differences and worked together to get through Black John’s hurricane, they’d had an understanding. Sally was the closest thing the group had to an Outsider ally, and that was nothing to take lightly. â€Å"It was good of you to come,† Cassie said. â€Å"Really. This was a nice gesture, and I know Melanie appreciates it.† That seemed to put Sally at ease. Her small, wiry body relaxed. â€Å"Speaking of Melanie,† Cassie’s mother said. â€Å"We should probably go find her.† â€Å"Of course,† Sally said, and Cassie and her mother elbowed through the crowd as politely as they could until they located Melanie. The group had Melanie surrounded like an army of black-clad secret-service agents. Most days Cassie forgot how intimidating the Circle could appear to others, and how superior they looked compared to average kids their age. It wasn’t only their genetics that set them apart; it was also their attitude. But, Cassie wondered, don’t they ever grow weary of striving to appear so infinitely strong to the outside world? Sometimes vulnerability was appropriate, and this was one of those times. Cassie locked eyes with Adam and dreamed for a moment that they could run away together, far away from all this. He didn’t even know yet how bad all this actually was. None of the Circle did. How would they react when she told them everything she’d learned from her mother about witch hunters? Cassie went to Adam first, just to breathe in his scent and feel his strong arms around her body. Then she offered her condolences and the soothing herbs to Melanie. Diana tapped Cassie on the shoulder and pulled her in for a tight squeeze. Hugging Diana was like hugging for a tight squeeze. Hugging Diana was like hugging daylight, and she was about as constant. Tall, magisterial Diana could always be relied upon. â€Å"How are you doing?† she whispered into Cassie’s ear. But before Cassie had the chance to answer, Diana got distracted. Her attention turned to someone else who’d just walked in. â€Å"Scarlett’s here,† she said. It was a surprise to see Scarlett making her way through the crowd, dressed conservatively in all black with her wild hair tamed into a neat ponytail. As she meandered through the crowd, Cassie noticed people stepping aside to let her pass. How weird, Cassie thought, but then it occurred to her the reason why: All these strangers must have thought Scarlett was one of the group. She assumed the air of belonging right there with Melanie and the rest of the Circle, and so people believed she did. But when she finally reached Cassie and the others, some of that confidence fell away. â€Å"I know I don’t really know any of you,† she said, looking down. â€Å"But I wanted to say I was sorry.† Diana scanned Scarlett up and down with her sharp green eyes and then said in a slightly artificial tone of voice, â€Å"It was nice of you to come.† â€Å"Yes, thank you,† Melanie said. Like Sally, Scarlett didn’t have to be there, but she’d gone out of her way to show her support to Melanie and the group. Maybe, Cassie thought, if any good could come from this crisis, it would be the start to better relations with Outsiders. Adam stepped in to make small talk with Scarlett, giving Cassie the chance to grab Diana and lead her to a quiet corner. â€Å"Gather the others,† Cassie said quietly. â€Å"Melanie, too. I know why the resuscitation spell didn’t work.† Diana’s eyes grew wide. She took a step back to size up Cassie’s expression and then immediately began rounding up the group. Constance’s garage was filled with ancient junk and knickknacks that may or may not have been authentic magical relics. Two stone swords rested on hooks in the wall, bronze jewelry boxes and dusty heirloom books were stacked high on drooping shelves, and multicolored stuffed birds hung precariously from wire pitched to the ceiling. A claw-foot table sat in the center of the room in front of a sagging green couch. Melanie sat on the couch, but everyone else remained standing, spread out between piles of cardboard boxes. They waited silently for Cassie to begin. Melanie was examining her, leaning forward, eager to hear what Cassie knew. There were dark circles beneath her usually alert eyes, and all the life had escaped from her features. Cassie suddenly worried this news might be more than she could handle at the moment. Cassie bought some time and tried to soften the blow by explaining, step by step, the conversation she’d had with her mother the night before. She paced herself, carefully building up to the description of the symbol she saw on Constance’s forehead before everything went black during the resuscitation spell. â€Å"Did any of you see it?† she asked. Everyone shook their head. â€Å"How do you know it wasn’t just a hallucination?† Faye asked, with a tinge of malice. â€Å"Or your overactive imagination?† â€Å"Because Cassie has the sight,† Diana said. â€Å"Tell us, Cassie, what exactly did the symbol look like?† â€Å"Well,† Cassie glanced quickly at Melanie before she spoke, â€Å"I thought it looked like a hexagon with two bent- up U-shapes inside it. But my mother corrected me.† â€Å"It was a W,† Melanie said, almost to herself. â€Å"Great-Aunt Constance was killed by a witch hunter.† The room shuddered. â€Å"This is bad,† Melanie said, shaking her head. â€Å"I’ve read about that symbol.† Adam sat beside Melanie on the sofa. â€Å"Do you think this means there’s someone in town targeting us?† Melanie nodded, too numb to cry. â€Å"And not amateurs like the Bainbridge family, either. These guys are the real thing. They’re descendants of an ancient clan of hunters.† Adam’s jaw tightened, and his eyes sharpened to an intense navy blue. â€Å"The hunter could be anyone.† â€Å"Or hunters,† Diana said. â€Å"There could be more than one.† Laurel sat down on the couch on the other side of Melanie and reached for her hand. â€Å"We have to be careful.† â€Å"That’s right,† Adam said, jumping up to pace the room, nearly bumping his head on various hanging fowl as he marched back and forth. â€Å"And we have to stick together. More than ever. Is that understood?† He stood still and eyed each member of the group individually. Then his gaze rested on Faye. To Cassie’s surprise, Faye had no snide remarks this time. She simply nodded. But this out-of-character response worried Cassie more than if Faye had been her inappropriate, obnoxious self. If Faye was frightened, they were in serious trouble. Diana glanced at the door. The people inside the house were getting louder, and one muffled voice was asking for Melanie. â€Å"I have to get back inside,† Melanie said. Diana nodded. â€Å"You should. Melanie, I’m sorry to leave, but I’m going to run home. I know I’ve seen a protection spell in my Book of Shadows somewhere. I’ll look into it and see what I can do.† â€Å"That’s a good idea,† Melanie said, standing now but still holding on to Laurel’s hand. Hesitantly, they all began filing out of the garage, but Nick hung back, and Cassie took advantage of the opportunity to talk to him alone. She reached for his arm and started talking before he could say anything. â€Å"I know you’ve been avoiding the group because of me,† she said. â€Å"And I want you to stop doing that.† Nick turned away, but she forced him to look at her. â€Å"Listen to me. We have to stay close now. We’re in serious danger.† He squinted his mahogany eyes at her as if she were a foreign object. â€Å"I don’t want to see you get hurt,† Cassie said desperately. â€Å"Please.† â€Å"Well, thank you for your concern.† He said it sharply, like it was intended to cut her, but Nick always resorted to sarcasm when he started to feel something. It meant she’d gotten through to him, at least a little bit. She’d take what she could get for now. How to cite The Secret Circle: The Divide Chapter 9, Essay examples

Economy and Business Opportunities Method †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Economy and Business Opportunities Method. Answer: Introduction: Austria located in the continent of Europe is one of the most prosperous country. Amongst the 14 richest countries, it is 114th largest nation in the world. Austrias economy is well developed with trained labor force, a huge service sector and viable manufacturing. Food and luxury commodities, mechanical engineering and steel construction, chemicals, and vehicle manufacturing are the most significant companies. The Austrian economic system is a liberated market economy contributing its investors principle conditions (globaltenders.com. 2016). It is naturally rich in iron ore, non-ferrous metals, important minerals and earths and is one of the largest provider of hydroelectric power. It is strongly united with other EU countries specially Germany. Austrias major imports includes machinery and equipment, moods, motor vehicles, chemicals, metal goods, oil and oil products and foodstuffs (Austria.org. 2017). Since World War II, there has been a significant decline in the agricultural share in Austrian economy. There is an inadequacy in production of dry food and nuts as they are restricted to locally grown products like apples, pears and walnuts. The EU, Germany, Turkey and the United States are amongst the major exporters of nuts in Austria. However, there is a continuous increase in demand of nuts particularly almonds by Austrian customers. During the year 2015, dried fruits and nuts imported from The United States were worth USD22.4 million, thereby proving that there is a favorable market opportunity for other countries in this field. Nuts mainly almonds are popular as a snack and are used in the production of breakfast cereal and by other food processing companies. Being the worlds second largest producer of almonds, Australian almond industry is the leader in horticultural export industry. With favorable weather conditions, Australia has huge almond orchards. Production is more eff icient due to automated harvest systems which reduces labor input. There has been a constant increase in the production of almonds in Australia. With free trade agreements and almonds being the largest nut crop in Australia, country is expanding its exports worldwide (Farell 2015). The United States which is one of the major supplier of nuts in Austria has been badly hit due to constant drought in California. There has been an automatic increase in the pricing, hence beneficial for Australia to explore Austrias nut market. The above graph shows that there has been 740% growth in almond production in Australia. Thereby, the country has the opportunity to grow globally. Select Harvests is one of the largest producer and seller of wide variety of nuts and related products in Australia. It is the biggest almond grower and exporter worldwide. It has expanded its horizons in rapid growing markets of India, China, Asia, Europe and the Middle East. With 270 permanent employees, company is continuously expanding its exports of almonds, muesli and health food, thereby looking for new market opportunities in other countries. As discussed above, there is a constant rise in demand of natural foods and nuts especially almonds and with Californias drought stricken condition, Select harvest will have a favorable market for its almonds and other related products in Austria. Situation Analysis is the base of a marketing plan. It takes into consideration both internal as well as external environmental factors to build an overview of the organization. In the present an analysis of the situation comprising of the business environment, analysis of the market of Austria, the competition to be faced by the company Select Harvest and the analysis of the organization, Select Harvest is being done for better understanding of the decision of Select Harvest as to why it prefers to invest in Austria. Business environment comprises of all the external and internal factors that affects the functioning of a company. Macro and micro are the two kinds of external marketing environment. Macro environmental factors includes demographic, legal, political, technological changes and natural forces. However, micro environmental factors includes the suppliers, resellers, customers, competitors, and the general public. Being a democratic republic, Austria is a safe country with low political risk. It is one of the member of European Union. Hence, political scenario will be sanguine for Select Harvest to import its products. Economically, Austria is very strong. Despite of suffering from recession, it has a well developed economy with trade being its crucial part (Singh 2016). Again, providing a favorable economical condition for Select Harvest to enter its market. Socially, people in Austria has high standard of living and the same is understandable and proved as according to World Competitiv eness Yearbook 2009, it has been ranked as number 1 in quality of life. Select Harvest who is presently managing countrys largest almond orchards, would cater Austrian consumers ever increasing demand for high quality natural products. The country is very much advanced in technology. Legally, labor organizations play an important part in overall business in Austria and further to this Select Harvest would be profitable as Austria has business-friendly tax system as well. Apart from the above when it comes to assessing the environment of Austria, it is found that post the World War, the country has been extensively engaged into the work of erecting and sustaining the development and upliftment of the industries. Thereby since Select Harvest plans to invest and start its business dealings with the said country, it will have to ensure to take into considerations the various environmental laws formulated since various laws have been spelt out to ensure that the environment is kept under pollution control if not free in all aspects. Market Analysis In todays scenario, consumers are adopting healthier lifestyle and opting for low calorie foods. During the last few years, there has been a rapid increase in food and beverage expenditure. Austria is self-contained for several commodities in organic production. Good market prospects exists for the commodities which are not locally produced. as Austria is mostly mountainous, only plain areas of eastern Austria and some portions of western and northern Austria are suitable for the production of crops. Also due to non favorable weather conditions, Austria is deficient in dried fruits and nuts. As of 2011, estimated total imports of dried fruits and nuts is $150 million which was $130 million in the year 2009.Thereby, showing that there has been a tremendous rise in its demand. Almonds being the major commodity within this category. The forecast for Austrian consumer expenditures on food and beverages (non-alcoholic and alcoholic including tobacco) in 2015 is at USD 3,112 per capita, wh ich is 13.3% of total consumer expenditures. The share of food and beverage expenditures is fairly stable (export.gov.2016). Globally, in the year 2013, Australia has been ranked as number 2 in almond production. With its shares listed on the Australian stock exchange, Select Harvest is the leading Australian nut and health food company. Almonds which are rich in fibre and protein offers a healthy snack and is also used as an important ingredient in many dishes worldwide, particularly in cereals and bakery items. Select harvest provides world class organic products majorly almonds which specifically seems to be best suited for the people of Austria due to their preference for a high standard of living. It has a perfect business market opportunity in Austria which would meet the constantly growing demand of its consumers (International Business Publication 2017). The total market size of dried fruits and nuts as estimated in 2011 is $126 million which was $108 million in 2009, thereby providing an insight of the Austrian market condition and an attraction for Select Harvest to look into Austria as an attrac tive location for expanding its existing business. The biggest supplier of dried fruits and nuts to Austria are Germany, The European Union and Turkey. The United States is fourth in supplying nuts. Out of estimated $150 million imports in the year 2011, the United States accounts for $15million which was $13 million in the year 2009, increased to $22.4 in 2015. Austria imported USD 120 million worth of U.S. agricultural, fishery and forestry products in 2015. Official import numbers do not include significant and steadily growing transshipments of U.S. products from other EU countries.(Source: Global Trade Atlas/Statistic Austria). Hence, real import values are way higher. The above graph evidently states United States as the major competitor for Select Harvest dominating the market with 79% of almond production globally. It has a huge competitive advantage over other countries when it comes to its production and exports. The European Union being the second. Commercially, almonds are grown in California, North America. However, with the constant drought condition in the state, it has resulted in lowering of export volumes, thereby increasing the prices. Australia with 8% of global almond production, can expand its industry worldwide. Select Harvest will have a huge potential in Austria for its almonds. Currently, the company is one of the major exporter trading across the world. It aims at increasing its geographical diversity. Sales of the company has already risen manifolds. With constant expansion plans and high quality products Select harvest can successfully sustain and earn profits in Austria (export.gov. 2016). Organisational Analysis Select Harvest, one of the Australias leading almond producing company was established in the year 1983 with its headquarters in Melbourne. It has huge orchards stretched over New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. The company excels in horticulture, orchard management, processing, sales and marketing. It not only offers nut based products but also has a huge market for other healthy products like muesli and dried fruits(Selectharvest.com.au. 2017). During the soaring season, it has a competence of processing 22,000 tones of almonds. Lucky, Sunsol, Nu-Vit, Meriram, Soland, Allinga Farms and Renshaw are its primary brands. There has been 175% rise in 2014s $21.6 million profit after tax audit of AUD $59.4 million, as per companys financial report ending 30th June 2015 ((Australian Food News. 2015).With Paul Thompson as the managing director, the company has expanded globally. The graph above evidently shows a growth of 285% of Australian almond exports. Select Harvest , leading manufacturer and exporter is a major contributor in this figure. Hence, Select Harvest has competitive advantage over other countries by having geographically diversified almond orchards, free trade agreements, increased consumer requirement for almonds due to health awareness and reduction in exports from America due to continuous drought. SWOT as the name suggests covers strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats associated with the company. It helps the company in making strategic decisions as it takes into account both internal and external factors. With regards to product opportunity i.e. almonds by Select Harvest, an Australian company entering Austrian market, SWOT Analysis provides an insight to the company to make significant decisions in this ever changing environment. The strength of Select Harvest company is that it is a leader in almond grower with its own huge orchards. There has been a continuous increase in growth of almonds and its exports. It has a huge share in domestic as well as international market. However, weaknesses of the company is that it has to pay taxes and has relatively small business unit as compared to the companies in United States who are the major supplier in Austria. The opportunities that the company has is the ever increase in demand of almonds by Austrian consumers. In Austria, with the increase in income, consumers are more inclined towards healthy lifestyle. Thereby, the opportunities that the company has is the ever increase in demand of almonds by Austrian consumers. It has a diversified product base and is not limited in producing almonds. The company is spreading its base by expanding its almonds orchards, hence can easily meet the demands. Also, it is well established globally. Thus, will not face many challenges while entering Austrian market. Lastly, government regulations is the possible threat for the company (advisorgate.com. 2016). Also, despite having drought conditions, United States continues to be major exporter of almonds in Austria. Hence, t o sustain and be profitable Select Harvest has to ensure high quality products. References: Advisorgate.com. (2016). Select Harvest SWOT analysis, Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats for over 40000+ companies and industries. Retrieved from https://swot.advisorgate.com/swot-s/34113-swot-analysis-select-harvest.html Austria.org. (2017). Economy. Retrieved from https://www.austria.org/economy/ Australian Food News. (2015). Australias amazing nut industries are global players. Retrieved form https://www.ausfoodnews.com.au/2015/10/05/australias-amazing-nut-industries-are-global-players.html Export.gov. (2016). Austria- Agriculture. Retrieved from https://www.export.gov/article?id=Austria-Agriculture Farell,R. (2015). Australia: Almonds Booming Downunder. Retrieved from https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Almonds%20Booming%20DownUnder_Canberra_Australia_8-21-2015.pdf Globaltenders.com. (2016). Economy and Business Opportunities from Austria. Retrieved from https://www.globaltenders.com/economy-of-austria.php International Business Publication. (2017). Austria- Export-Import, Trade and Business Directory. Austria Selectharvest.com.au. (2017). About Select Harvest. Retrieved from https://selectharvests.com.au/our-company/ Singh,R. (2016). PESTLE analysis in Austria. Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/doc/55796405/Pestle-Austria

The Euthyphro Dialogue free essay sample

In this paper I will describe and analyze the Euthyphro dialogue where Plato offered an argument against the divine command Meta- ethical view. In this dialogue, Socrates argued against Euthyphro definition of actions being pious and holy. In Plato’s Euthyphro, Socrates first heard that Euthyphro is trying to prosecute his father for murder. Euthyphro’s thinks that his action was pious, and his definition of piety is doing what the God(s) approve of. Socrates questioned Euthyphro’s definition of action being pious and quickly asks: â€Å"is the holy loved by the gods because it is holy? Or is it holy because it is loved? Socrates presents this premise to argue against Euthyphro definition of piety as he suggests this question. What Socrates has asked is whether something is lovable because the God (s) love it, or the God(s) love it for the reason that something is loveable. He points out this question because it introduces the Euthyphro dilemma. We will write a custom essay sample on The Euthyphro Dialogue or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This dilemma obstructs Socrates to draw the conclusion of what pious and holiness is. Socrates suggests that there are two horns in the Euthyphro dilemma. The first horn that he illustrates is the question of whether moral is loved by the God(s) because it is moral. Socrates points out that if an action is holy then the God (s) will love it. And no matter how the God(s) feels about it, or whether if the God(s) will approve or disprove it, and that action will still be holy. For instance, we all know that rape is impious. No matter how the God (s) think, he cannot change the fact that rape is impious. What this horn implies is that morality is independent of the God(s)’s opinion, and therefore the God(s)’s opinion is bounded by the morality. Following the first horn in the Euthyphro dilemma, Socrates introduces the second horn in the dilemma. As he again asks: â€Å"is the holy loved by the gods because it is holy? Or is it holy because it is loved? † Socrates addresses that the second horn is that the God(s)’s opinion or approval of a certain action makes that particular action pious. In other words, morality is bounded by the God(s)’s opinion. This second horn is also known as the Divine Command Theory. In this theory it claims that the God(s) is goodness. In order for us to judge whether an action is moral or immoral is solely based on whether the God(s) allows us to do it, or prohibits us from doing it. In contrast, the second horn is rather the opposite of the first horn. The first horn states that morality is independent of the God(s)’s opinion, and the God(s)’s opinion is bounded by the morality. Whereas, the second horn states that morality is depending and is bounded by the God(s)’s opinion or approval. The use of the Euthyphro Dilemma by Socrates to argue against Euthyphro’s definition of pious is relatively successful. Here are the analyses of how successful the two horns are in the Dilemma. Suppose the first horn: â€Å"is the pious loved by the god(s) because it is pious† is true, then we can conclude that the God(s) bases his decision what to love on what is already pious. As a result, piety must have existed before any of the God(s)’s love. Otherwise, the God(s) will not love anything since there isn’t any piety. If it is true that piety exists before any love, then it means that piety is independent of the God(s)’s love. And therefore piety is not affected or determined by the God(s). In other words, no matter whether the God(s) loves an action or not, piety still exists on the action. On the other hand, let us assume that the second horn that Socrates presented: â€Å"Is it holy because it is loved? † is true. Then in this point of view, nothing is good until the God(s) loves it. Suppose then, that the second horn: â€Å"It is holy because it is loved† is correct, then on this view, nothing is pious until the God(s) loves it. However, if this is true, then it raises three problems. The first problem is known as the problem of arbitrariness. It comes to this first problem when the God(s) chooses which action to love and to hate. And what the God(s) loves or approves of is based on some property of an action. In other words, the property of the action is what really makes the action pious, not the God(s)’s love or approval. As a result, in order for the God(s) to really make an action pious, the God(s) will have to love and approves the action(s) arbitrarily, with no reason at all. This problem is made worse when if it is true that the omnipotent God can love and approve of anything arbitrarily. For example, if the God(s) approves and loves assassinations or murders, then the action of assassinating and murder will automatically become pious. This doesn’t seem right though that even if the God(s) loves murders and killings and theses actions will still be pious. And therefore, this problem proves the Devine command theory to be false. The problem of caprice is the second problem that exists in the second horn from the dilemma. This problem suggests that the God(s)’s approval and his love for an action might be pious for today, but it might be impious tomorrow. In addition, Socrates explains that if there are many gods, how can things be determined if they are pious or not. â€Å"It would be at all surprising if you were thereby doing something agreeable to Zenus but odious to Coronus and Uranus. This second problem creates a grey area of whether an action is pious or not. Due to the fact that this grey-area exists, it implies that the Devine Command Theory can be false. The third problem that exists in the dilemma is the problem of triviality. We all know that â€Å"God is good† and â€Å"Whatever God does is good†. However, it is no triviality that the God(s) should act in accordance with these values. There is a possi bility that one day at which the God(s) fails to act â€Å"good†, and which it also means that there is a possibility that the Divine Command Theory can become false. By now, we have described and analyzed the two horns in the dilemma that Socrates presents in his conversation with Euthyphro. The use of the dilemma is successful at arguing against Euthyphro’s definition of piety. What Euthyphro defines piety is that doing what the God(s) approve of – The Devine Command Theory. As Socrates suggests the problems within horns from the dilemma, these problems again and again prove that the Devine Command Theory isn’t always right. In other words, what Euthyphro says about piety is doing what the God(s) approves of isn’t going to be true all the time.

Lubricating Oil Extraction Methods

Lubricating Oil Extraction Methods Introduction The extraction of lubricating oils from crude oil is a multistep procedure as mentioned earlier in the paper (Speight, 1980, p.71). The reason behind this is the inability to achieve constant liquid phases as certain temperatures. For that matter, single stage extraction of lubricating oils is difficult.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Lubricating Oil Extraction Methods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the ancient times, the extraction process was single stage thus giving a product with many undesirable compounds, which could be termed as impurities. This is what led to the invention of the solvent extraction method, which produces high yield of the lubricating oil. Nevertheless, the solvents have been used in the multi-stage extraction process to dissolve the crude oil and make it easy to get sufficient yields of lubricating oils among other products such as asphalt, gasoline, and gases just to mention a few. In solvent extraction, phenol, NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone), and furfural are the preferred solvents given their high yields of the lubricating oils from crude oil. In fact, research conducted indicates that in solvent extraction, the yield is normally as high as 70-80 per cent of the total input. In this extraction, there are also significant quantities of waste materials. When using solvents to extract lubricating oils, a single type of solvent or a combination of two solvents could be used. Research has shown that the yield from a combination of two solvents is greater than that from a one type of solvent. Nevertheless, given the negative health and environmental effects of phenol, furfural is the most preferred solvent, which is mostly combined with NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone). This paper is therefore an in-depth analysis of the extraction of lubricating oils by looking at the methods of extraction, description of processes, purpose of extraction and new deve lopments in lubricating oil extraction with emphasis on furfural extraction method. Methods used to extract oil The extraction of lubricating oils is highly dependent on the solvents used. Several methods can be used to extract lubricating oils after they have passed the other stages of separation. The commonly used method of lube oil extraction entails the use of solvents in the crude oil. These solvents include phenol, NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone), and furfural just to mention a few. Membrane extraction is also another method that could be used in the extraction of lubricating oil (Sankey, 2009, p.6). Below is a typical chart showing the extraction of lube oil using furfural as a solvent.Advertising Looking for research paper on chemistry? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fig 1. (Speight, 1980, p.89) Phenol Extraction Method This is one of the most recent methods of extracting lubricating oil from crude oil. In thi s method, phenol is used as the refining solvent. Just like in furfural extraction, the phenol is put in the extraction unit to act as a solvent. However, unlike furfural, phenol is easily recovered after the extraction process (Stratford, Moor, and Pokorny, 1933, p.1). Phenol is selective in the derivation of a variety of distillates thus producing lubricating oils of high quality. Phenol is the preferred solvent by many because of its non-reactive characteristic as well as because it does not decompose in oil during the extraction process unlike other solvents. Secondly, phenol mixes with oil at high temperatures of about 100-200F, which is similar to the distillation temperature (Stratford, Moor, and Pokorny, 1933, p.1). This means that the extraction of lubricating oil with phenol is undertaken at a lower cost since less energy is required. In addition, it is less labour intensive and can be carried out by even three men. However, given the effects that phenol has on the health of human beings as well as the environment, it is rarely used as a solvent for extracting lubricating oil. Furfural extraction method In extracting lubricating oil, furfural is used to reduce the aromatic content of vacuum distillates. The removal of hydrocarbons from vacuum distillates is done in order to improve the lubricating properties of the oil. Once the crude oil residue is obtained after the distillation process, it is undergoes a further distillation process under a vacuum.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Lubricating Oil Extraction Methods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Here, the crude oil is becomes cuts of lubricating oil that are simultaneously obtained at different temperatures (Sankey, 2009, p.6). â€Å"The commonly obtained raw cuts are; the spindle distillate (SPD); the Light neutral distillate (LND); the medium neutral distillate (MND); the heavy neutral distillate (HND) and the bright stock distillate (BSD)† (Sankey, 2009, p.4). For high quality extraction of aromatics from the mixture, it is important that a solvent with the right properties be used. This solvent should be able to create two phases of the liquid as well as have the ability to prevent oil from getting lost. Furfural extraction Purpose Furfural is preferred as a solvent in lube oil extraction because of its ability to select aromatic compounds thus increasing the rate of reaction. In addition to this, furfural can be used in vacuum distillates of different viscosities. Unlike other solvents, furfural is environmental friendly and causes less harm to the health of human beings. In addition to this, furfural can be applied to a wide range of raw materials. This makes it a better solvent than the rest. Its ability to form emulsions is also low hence making it easy to be separated from oil. Furfural is also preferred for lube oil extraction since its raffinate extract is of higher yields compare d to the rest. Process description The process of extracting lubricating oil suing furfural as a solvent normally takes place in a column that is fitted with rotating plates and sieves. It is normally a process with several stages, which can be listed as: Preparation of the raw material through drying and air removal Solvent addition Separation of lube oil and solvent In furfural extraction, the first step entails having the distillate obtained from the distillation process dried. After drying, it undergoes deaeration to remove air in the distillate. This is important because any traces of air and moisture in the distillate would affect the extraction process hence the quality of lubricating oil. Air is known to oxidize furfural; hence, it has to be removed to ensure high quality and yield of the lubricating oil. Once the distillate is free of air and moisture, furfural is added in the column and the rotating plates facilitate mixing. The ability of the solvent to dissolve the cru de oil is important in determining the ratio of oil to solvent. In most cases, the ability of a solvent to dissolve oil increases with rise in temperature and decreases with a fall in temperature.Advertising Looking for research paper on chemistry? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, for the extractor to perform well, it is endorsed with perforated disks that keep rotating. This creates a column known as the rotating disk column (RDC). The intensity of rotation depends on the flow of the distillate as well as that of the solvent. â€Å"In order to increase extraction degree, i.e. improve separation of the raffinate from the extract phase, cold reflux of the extract phase is added to the extractor† (Sankey, 2009, p.4). The extract phase is then allowed to settle and later move to the flash column. The flash column plays the role of drying the furfural leaving the extract free from solvent. Upon cooling, furfural is removed and taken to a separator after which the extract is stored. The next stage involves taking back the furfural to the raffinate phase. Later, the raffinate phase undergoes dewaxing, a process that entails production of base oil and bitumen among other products. Process configuration The furfural extraction process is configured in su ch a way that is able to process up to four feed stocks, which include heavy neutral, light neutral, spindle oils and intermediate neutral. These can be tabulated as below: Stock. Rate for HVI operation. Rate for MVI operation 1. Spindle Oil 37 m^hr. 33 m^hr. 2. Light neutral 32-6 n^/hr. 33 m3/hr. 3. Intermediate neutral 27 m^hr. 36 mi/hr. 4. Heavy neutral 23 m^hr. 33 ms/hr. Table. 1 (Sankey, 2009, p.6) The extract is normally passed through various ultrafine filters to remove impurities. Aromatics are one such impurity and it contains six-carbon rings that affect the viscosity of the lube oil† (Fuels, Lubricants, and Coolants, 1992, p.92). Since the aromatics are highly soluble, it makes them easier to be removed through solvent extraction. In order to enable the lube oil to endure low temperatures and have other desirable qualities, it other additives are mixed with it (Fuels, Lubricants, and Coolants, 1992). An assessment of the flash, viscosity, specific g ravity, fire points and colour is done. Upon acquisition of the desirable standards, the oil is packaged and distributed (Fuels, Lubricants, and Coolants, 1992). Extraction of furfural from the raffinate is made by heating it thus leaving the extract. Below is a diagram showing the configured process of furfural extraction of lubricating oil. Fig 2. (Mortier et al., 2010, p.67) Equipment Several equipments and machines are used in furfural extraction of lubricating oil. Some of which include; Extraction column: In this column, the solvent is fed into the crude oil and allowed to dissolve. This equipment contains an in-feed pipe from the vacuum distillatory and an out-feed pipe to the de-waxing equipment. Temperatures in this equipment are relatively high in order to increase the miscibility of the solvent with the lubricating oil. Solvent recovery system: It is made up of two fractionating units together with a surge drum. The fractionators labelled as A and B serves the purpose o f separating water from the furfural moisture, in this case the raffinate. The surge drum on the other hand, plays the role of drying hence facilitating complete removal of furfural from the extract. Process variables The process variables in the extraction of lubricating oil are the temperature used, solvent to oil ratio, and the stages of extraction that the oil undergoes. Temperature As mentioned earlier in the paper, the temperatures used in the solvent extraction unit are significantly high to increase the surface areas of reaction between the solvent and the oil. Thus, low temperatures are bound to inhibit reaction hence poor extraction of the lubricating oil. Ratio of solvent to oil The ratio of solvent to oil is also crucial as it significantly determines the reaction rate of the oil with solvent hence affecting extraction. Number of stages Finally yet importantly, the number of stages of extraction is also important in determining the quality of the final product of lubric ating oil. The more the stages, the better the quality of the lubricating oil produced. New development in lubricating oil New developments in extraction of lubricating oils centre on the source of the lubricating oil and the methods of extracting it. Currently only furfural and phenol extraction methods have been in use. Canadian engineers discovered the EXOL N extraction method. The new Exol N solvent is said to have better lube extraction selectivity than both phenol and furfural; better chemical and thermal stability than furfural; and it is safer then phenols (Ferris, Birkhimer, and Henderson, 1931, p. 754). Tests have proved that use of the solvent increases the yield of lubricating oil and save the cost of energy. The Residuum oil Supercritical Extraction process is a new solvent extraction method said to be efficient for recovering lubricating oil of higher value from the crude oil residue. It is based on the use of a paraffinic solvent, which can be recycled and recovered. The advantages of the residuum oil super critical method is that it saves on the energy and reduces the cost of investment on equipment. The new development, which has stirred controversy in scientific and environmental circles, is extraction of oils from algae. Experiments have proved that lubricating oils and biodiesel oils can be extracted from algae. In that case, algae is selectively harvested and used in oil extraction. â€Å"The chemical methods are categorized into; supercritical fluid extraction method; soxhlet extraction method; and Hexane solvent extraction method† (Ferris, Birkhimer, and Henderson, 1931, p. 755). Mechanical methods include Ultrasonic-assisted extraction and Expeller/ Expression press method (Ferris, Birkhimer, and Henderson, 1931, p. 756). The extraction methods generate more controversy as mechanical methods would require the energy intensive process of drying the algae while the use of chemical solvents poses both health and safety dangers. Neve rtheless, given the exploitation of natural oil resources such as crude oil, it is evident that soon or later the synthetic-based lubricating oils will be in high demand given the non-renewable feature of natural sources. Conclusion From the above discussion on extraction of lubricating oil, it can be deduced that it is quite cumbersome to come up with a product that will protect the wear and tear of machines. It has also been noted that of the three commonly used solvents, furfural is the most preferred given its good qualities and ability to give high yields of the lubricating oil. This quality is also significantly influenced by three variables mentioned in the paper, which include process temperature, the ratio of solvent to oil and the extraction stages. By putting all the aforementioned factors in mind, the lubricating oil is of high quality thus perfectly playing its functional role. Given the high demand of high quality lubricating oil, the manufacturers have resorted to way s that could ensure that they produce high quality lubricating oil at reasonable costs. One of these ways is by using furfural solvent under the discussed optimum conditions. Reference List Ferris, S., Birkhimer, E., and Henderson, L. (1931). Solvent Extraction of Lubricating Oils. Industrial Engineering Chemistry 23(7), 753-761. Fuels, Lubricants, and Coolants. (1992). Canada: Deere Company Service Publications. Mortier, R, et al. (2010). Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants. New York: Springer Sankey, B. (2009). A new lubricants extraction process. The Canadian Journal of  Chemical Engineering 63(1), 3-7. Speight, J. (1980). The Chemistry and Terminology of Petroleum. New York: Marcel Dekker. Stratford, R., Moor, H., and Pokorny, O. (1933). Phenol as a selective solvent in refining  of lubricating oils. Retrieved from https://www.onepetro.org/

Schizophrenia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Schizophrenia - Essay Example The characteristic age of commencement is the late 20s for women and the early 20s for men. Moreover, women are more expected to have a ‘first break’ later in life. Consequently, approximately one third of women have a commencement of illness after age 30. Among the minor socioeconomic classes, schizophrenia is diagnosed disproportionately. Ordinarily, schizophrenia is caused by a multifaceted contact between thousands of genes and several environmental risk aspects, of which none causes schizophrenia on their own. The developing brain is also possibly to be affected by environmental risk factors. In addition, prenatal infection can cause delicate changes in neuron movement and placement, which would eventually result in irregular connections. It can also act directly on developing circuits and synapses. Immune and stress reactions can be changed permanently by prenatal exposure to infection or stress. This makes an individual to be more sensitive to succeeding environmental stressors that cause irregular associations in the brain (Gilmore, 2010). The causes of schizophrenia are extensively alleged to have a neurobiological foundation. The dopamine hypothesis, which is the main significant theory, asserts that schizophrenia is caused by hyperactivity in brain dopaminergic pathways. This theory is in conformity with the efficiency of antipsychotics and the capability of drugs such as amphetamines or cocaine that arouse dopaminergic activity to provoke psychosis. Moreover, Postmortem studies indicate higher numbers of dopamine receptors in precise subcortical nuclei of schizophrenics than in ordinary brains. Functional and structural abnormalities through brain imaging of schizophrenics and control populations have been an area of concern in recent studies (Podosyan, 2009). Long (2009) explains that schizophrenia frequently commences between the late adolescents and the mid-30s, while

Financial statement analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Financial statement analysis - Essay Example Additionally, the company has a projected profit for the next three years showing an increase in profit every year. This has been facilitated by the unique service the company will offer to out compete the two competitors in the industry. Besides, the company targets specific customers with specific needs that are lacking in the market. As well, the success of the company is attributed to the diversification of customers according to their specific needs to ensure quality of service s offered to them (Bernotavicz, 1995). With the ambitious mission and vision of the company, it is in a position to offer the services in a planned manner that will see it utilized its competitive advantage to grow continuously. The company will combine the 5P of marketing to achieve an increasing sales forecast every year for the next three years. However, in as much as the business plan is to be implemented, care must be taken to follow all the legal requirements and avoid all the potential risk that may undermine the performance of the

Key historical and political trends in nursing research Essay

Key historical and political trends in nursing research - Essay Example Nursing research is not separate from nursing practice, it is a process that is interconnected with, is influenced by and influences other nursing components. These are philosophy, knowledge, science, theory, research, abstract thought processes, and nursing practice. (Burns et al, 2003). Nursing Theory links nursing knowledge to research and nursing practice. Dennis (1997) defines nursing theory as "a set of concepts and propositions derived from philosophical beliefs about the phenomena of interest to the discipline; relationships between concepts and propositions of a nursing theory purport to describe and explain characteristic phenomena of interest to nursing". (Dennis,1997 p.2). Nursing history is laced with nurses who have developed theories to explain nursing. Florence Nightingale is considered the first theorist and nurse researcher. Her principles of pure air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, light, proper nutrition, and rest were necessary elements to prevent spread of disease and maintain good health. Her precepts formed the basis of education for nurses during this time period. The 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970 saw the emergence of nurse researchers who sought to answer the questions pertaining to the role of the nurse and patient - nurse interaction. During this period, nurses developed nursing theories derived from the fields of sociology, and education. (Kukkala and Munnukka, 1994). Prominent figures were Hildegarde Peplau, who was concerned about developing interpersonal interaction between patient and nurse. Virginia Henderson focused on assisting the patient to gain independence. Faye Abdellah concentrated on delivering holistic nursing care Dorothea Orem focused on assisting the patient to attain self-care. These women set the path for the knowledge and theoretical base of the nursing profession. The National Center for Nursing Research, established in

Alternate Forms of Stable Government: Contractual Society

Alternate Forms of Stable Government: Contractual Society Clayton Wheatley A Stable Form of Alternate Government Should another entity choose what is better for another man? Our Current political system seems to think so. Imagine a way of living in which one controls the economy with supply and demand being the base for essentially every aspect in one’s life. This is what a contractual society is, a society based purely on voluntary action, entirely unhampered by violence or threats of violence. Using this idea of a Contractual society, certain aspects of the current political system will be retained, but allow increased individual sovereignty and promote a market free of regulation. Anarcho-capitalists agree that the most profitable society would be one based on the voluntary trade of private property and services as well as respecting the necessity of charity and communal arrangements. What must remain un-interrupted in this ideology is that whatever is acquired is done so without help or hindrance from an external source. Monopolies tend to be corrupt and inefficient, so in this new society the policy on them will remain the same, but will only stay this way if it is the agreement of the people, who as a whole vote with the payment given to a particular corporation or corporations. If the people continue to pay into this monopolistic being it will continue to survive and remain the majority, but this must mean it is in the best interest for the people because they are not influenced to provide payment. Close to anarcho-capitalism are the ideals of individual-ownership and original appropriation. These include but are not limited to being the proper owner of on e’s physical body and allowed to make decisions based on what they see best for their own personal property. This ownership of â€Å"originally appropriated† implies the right to use and manipulate places and goods owned by an individual anyway that seems fit provided that the physical integrity of places and goods claimed by another individual remain unaltered by you, the external source. Once any amount of time or work is invested into a plot of land or on a specific object, it can only be exchanged by a mutual agreement. What makes this form of government stand out is it does not reject the idea of individual or joint ownership; in fact it is actually encouraged. What one needs or does not need is entirely up to the person. Though anarcho-capitalists assert the right to hold and maintain private property, some point out that communal property can exist. Just as property becomes owned by mixing labor with it or making use of the area on a more permanent basis, a whole community can come to own something in common by doing just that, meaning that no individual may appropriate it as his own. Situations in which this could arise are for things like roads, parks, rivers, and portions of oceans. If allowing everyone to take a small role in helping maintain the area and it’s a resource mutually beneficial to the group that is what it becomes a group effort. Nevertheless, when property is owned by multiple persons, the level of accountability each individual holds tends to deteriorate unlike in personal ownership, where the maintenance is only up to the one, original owner. Privatization, decentralization, and individualization are often anarcho-capitalist goals, but in a few select cases they not only a re considered difficult to uphold, but are impossible. Ocean routes for example are a certain property that would be seen as unavailable for private ownership. Individual sovereignty is the idea of property in ones own person, shown as the natural right of a person to have basic freedoms, and have the final say in ones own body and life. According to G. Cohen, the concept of self-ownership is that â€Å"Each person enjoys, over himself and his powers, full and exclusive rights of control and use, and therefore owes no service or product to anyone else that he has not contracted to supply.† One may describe someone with this type of freedom as those which have supreme authority and sovereignty over their own choices. This is a tenant to classical liberalism and essential to any ideologies which encompass one making decisions for themselves and leading their own lives. This is the root of anarcho-capitalist property rights, and where they differ from other forms of anarchism such as anarcho-communism where the means of production are controlled by the community as a whole and the product produced is placed into a collectivized pool and distributed on a system determined by necessity. This particular anarcho-capitalist society stresses the value of individual integrity and living a life based on your own terms; this includes dealing with one’s own mistakes once they are made and no one else being involved unless they are bound by a contract mutually agreed upon by both original parties. The free market further increases individual freedoms within this society because it allows for a person to decide which services are maintained and provided within his personal way of life. Basically if something like defense is considered too much of a goal one has the power to lower payment on it and in some cases, if necessary, en it entirely. This either lowers how much is available because of the lack in demand, or stops a completely unnecessary service because no one is stimulating its personal economy. Supply and demand will be the basis for what does and does not survive within this society. The old west is actually an accurate portrayal of this idea. United states in the time of 1830 to 1900 was similar to this political idea in that private agencies provided the necessary ground to provide a somewhat orderly society but mainly allowed property to be protected and disagreements able to be resolved. The common that is that the Old West was in a state of chaos with little respect for property rights is false. Since squatters had no right to new lands under federal law, third party organizations formed to take the place of the government regulation. The defense companies each created their own written contract laying out the laws that provided the means for defining and protecting property rights in the land. They enforced procedures for registration of land claims, as well as for protection of those claims against others, and for ruling on internal disputes that arose. A pressing matter within the conversations of possible outcomes which could arise is â€Å"whether anarcho-capitalist society is justified on the morality of an action based on the action’s obedience to a rule of one’s conduct are the ultimate basis for any judgments about the rightness of the conduct, or both.† Natural-law anarcho-capitalism claims that a universal system of rights can be derived from natural law. Some do not like the idea of relying on these natural rights, but instead choose to rely on economic justifications for a free-market capitalist society. Kosanke sees such a debate as irrelevant since, â€Å"in the absence of the state, sovereign individuals will make their own decisions about morality, and will be held accountable via contractual law.† Communities of sovereign persons expel negative influences the same way that unbeneficial business practices are taken out because of the mutual want in the marketplace as a whole. For him, the o nly thing that needs to be debated is the nature of the contractual mechanism that abolished the state or prevents it from coming into existence where new communities form. Crime can encompass many different things. It could be something as simple as jaywalking, or littering. These crimes while not really moral, are not really immoral either they are just unfavorable actions. On the other hand you have much more serious problems facing everyone involved in a society. Things like homicide, kidnapping, robbery, etc are much more severe. These crimes involve a victim; some third party who did not wish to be involved was forced to become a part of this. The victim is not in the wrong for they didn’t wish for these things to be done to them, thus you have a stiff punishment. Now, there is a third type of crime, crimes that don’t involve anyone other than an individual making his own decision, yet the punishment for these result in the same penalty as the more serious crimes mentioned earlier. The type of actions that result in this are called victimless crimes, crimes that involve no one else other than he who had the idea to commit this Ã¢â‚¬Ë œcrime’. Richard Frase defines what victimless crimes are, â€Å"The practical arguments against victimless crimes appear to derive from three attributes of these offenses: (1) most involve no complaining parties other than police officers; (2) many involve the exchange of prohibited goods or services that are strongly desired by the participants; and (3) all seek to prevent individual or social harms that are widely believed to be less serious and/or less likely to occur than the harms involved in crimes with victims.† For example drugs, prostitution, gambling, and even something little like not wearing a seatbelt are all victimless crimes. For drugs you have an individual who takes the steps to purchase this substance. He and the participating party make a mutual agreement for an exchange and who is to say that isn’t allowed? Prostitution, again, both of the parties involved have profited in their eyes. Who is the victim if both parties have profited? In an an archo society victimless crimes wouldn’t exist. If no one is wronged and no one is unwillingly involved there is no problem. A contractual society will provide these certain aspects of the current political system but allow increased individual sovereignty and promote a market free of regulation. The positive use of charity and a distrust of monopolies will remain, while individual sovereignty will be upheld and increased in daily life. This ‘individual sovereignty’ is further increased by the idea of a free market and stimulating what you believe is in you best interests. This means if it is in no one’s market and stimulating what you believe is in your best interests. This means if it is in no one’s benefit it will lose funding and thusly cease to exist upholding the idea of making decisions concerning your life. If these ideas are incorporated into current government policies it would prove better for the people and worse for the overall rule the current administration holds as a whole over us. Works cited Hogeye, Bill T. â€Å"Anarcho-capitalist FAQ.† Anarcho-capitalistFAQ. Bill Hogeye, 6 Dec. 2011. Web. 11 Dec. 2013. http://www.ozarkia.net/bill/anarchism/faq.html>. Taylor, Jared M. â€Å"The Property and Freedom Society.† The Property and Freedom Society RSS. WordPress Admin, Jan.-Feb. 2012. Web. 12 Dev. 2013 http://propertyandfreedom.org/>. Vallentyne, Peter. â€Å"Libertarianism.† Standford University. Standford University, 05 Sept. 2002. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. http://plato.standord.edu/entries/libertarianism/>.

The Celebration Of Chanukah :: essays research papers fc

The Celebration of Chanukah   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The candle light flickered in Dorothy Abramawitz’s eyes. In her tiny, pudgy right hand she held the shammus, the host candle, and burned the wick until the flame was glowing brightly. While she began to light the first candle on the menorah, she heard her mother’s voice singing softly, â€Å"Boruch Atoh Adonoy, Eloheinu Melech Hoolom, Asher Kideshonu Bemitzvosov Vetzivonu Lehadlik Ner Chanukah.† Blessed are You, Lord our God King of the universe, Who has sanctified us by His commandments, and has commanded us to kindle the lights of Chanukah. She passed the shammus candle to her sister, who lit the second candle and then passed it to her brother to light the third. â€Å"Boruch Atoh Adonoy, Eloheinu Melech Hoolom, Sheoso Nisim La'avoseinu Bayomim Hoheim Bizman Hazeh.† Blessed are you, Lord our God, King of the universe, Who wrought miracles for our fathers in days of old, at this season. This passing of the candle went until all eight o f the siblings had had a chance to light a candle, and by the time that had finished, it left the Chanukah menorah fully ablaze. â€Å"Boruch Atoh Adonoy, Eloheinu Melech Hoolom, Shehechiyonu Vekiyimonu, Vehigionu Lizman Hazeh.† Blessed are You, Lord our God, King of the universe, Who has kept us alive, and has preserved us, and enabled us to reach this season.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dorothy watched the hot wax glide from the top of the candle, down its body, and splatter on the wooden table on which the menorah was standing tall. Chanukah was her favorite Jewish holiday to celebrate. It was a time of family, good food, and gifts. It was a time for remembrance of the miracles that God had once done for her people, and could do once again. But this year’s celebration was different. There were no gifts or extravagant feasts. There was no laughter or loud celebrations. A black blanket covered the window, so that she could not see the Russian landscape outside the house, and so that the Gestapo could not see the family’s Jewish practices. Everything they did had to be hidden now, had to be concealed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Her brown eyes danced and her glossy brown curls shined in the firelight. Shifting them from the menorah toward her mother, she had to laugh. Even her mother’s appearance was different this year. On top of her mother’s head was a yammika, the traditional hat that the men of the family wore on their heads whenever they prayed or gave a blessing. The Celebration Of Chanukah :: essays research papers fc The Celebration of Chanukah   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The candle light flickered in Dorothy Abramawitz’s eyes. In her tiny, pudgy right hand she held the shammus, the host candle, and burned the wick until the flame was glowing brightly. While she began to light the first candle on the menorah, she heard her mother’s voice singing softly, â€Å"Boruch Atoh Adonoy, Eloheinu Melech Hoolom, Asher Kideshonu Bemitzvosov Vetzivonu Lehadlik Ner Chanukah.† Blessed are You, Lord our God King of the universe, Who has sanctified us by His commandments, and has commanded us to kindle the lights of Chanukah. She passed the shammus candle to her sister, who lit the second candle and then passed it to her brother to light the third. â€Å"Boruch Atoh Adonoy, Eloheinu Melech Hoolom, Sheoso Nisim La'avoseinu Bayomim Hoheim Bizman Hazeh.† Blessed are you, Lord our God, King of the universe, Who wrought miracles for our fathers in days of old, at this season. This passing of the candle went until all eight o f the siblings had had a chance to light a candle, and by the time that had finished, it left the Chanukah menorah fully ablaze. â€Å"Boruch Atoh Adonoy, Eloheinu Melech Hoolom, Shehechiyonu Vekiyimonu, Vehigionu Lizman Hazeh.† Blessed are You, Lord our God, King of the universe, Who has kept us alive, and has preserved us, and enabled us to reach this season.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dorothy watched the hot wax glide from the top of the candle, down its body, and splatter on the wooden table on which the menorah was standing tall. Chanukah was her favorite Jewish holiday to celebrate. It was a time of family, good food, and gifts. It was a time for remembrance of the miracles that God had once done for her people, and could do once again. But this year’s celebration was different. There were no gifts or extravagant feasts. There was no laughter or loud celebrations. A black blanket covered the window, so that she could not see the Russian landscape outside the house, and so that the Gestapo could not see the family’s Jewish practices. Everything they did had to be hidden now, had to be concealed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Her brown eyes danced and her glossy brown curls shined in the firelight. Shifting them from the menorah toward her mother, she had to laugh. Even her mother’s appearance was different this year. On top of her mother’s head was a yammika, the traditional hat that the men of the family wore on their heads whenever they prayed or gave a blessing.