A Gap of Sky by Anna Hope free essay sample

The story is told with a consciousness technique that illustrates Ellie’s way of thinking. Her thoughts are full of swearwords, rhetorical questions and incoherence for example: â€Å"Fuck† , â€Å"Jesus† and â€Å"What really, was there to be reverent to? To whom? To what? To why? To God? To Mum? To Dad? † . This gives us an idea of how Ellie speaks, and how she is when she is doing drugs. Because her language is completely different in the end of the story. The way Anna Hope’s writing style is when she is on drugs is more jumpy than when she is clean: â€Å"Nice, now. Coffee. Swill out cafetiere, fill it. Computer. Is On. Fags†¦ Student shop. She could always score some more, too; see if Jez is about. Good plan [†¦] Anything else? Of course: printer, printer’s out of ink† . This makes the reader really confused about what she is actually talking about. We will write a custom essay sample on A Gap of Sky by Anna Hope or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ellie is a nineteen-year-old girl living in London city. The story starts out with her waking up at 16:29 to the â€Å"wrong dark†, by this she means that the sun is going down, instead going up – It is Monday, not Sunday. She remembers that she’s got an essay due for Tuesday morning, and starts to panic. First she is surprised about sleeping so long, but then she remembers what she did Saturday evening. She remembers drinking, taking K and doing coke. She gets back to the thought of the essay, and it reminds her that she ran out of ink. Here the story really begins, and she starts her adventure though the streets of London. The city setting and the descriptions of Ellie’s walk through London’s streets plays an important role in the short story, as a reader you can actually, follow her on a map, because of Anna Hope’s precise description of the city. But Ellie makes it difficult, because she is following every person she sees. Ellie’s thoughts are moving with her on the walk around London. Her mind thinks of a different subject every time she is someplace new. â€Å"The glove was a sign, for sure it was a sign; she was nineteen, and in London, and she needed to get some printer ink before the shop closed, and she should write an essay, but really, she was free† This is where her mind starts wandering. She is walking around and she starts to think about freedom, and that she is completely free. She persuades herself into going to the British Museum, just because she hasn’t been there before. She suddenly feels a horrible throbbing in her head, which is most likely because of the drugs from last night. She notices a plaque with the saying â€Å"Living and dying† and suddenly her mind is a different place again. She thinks about dying and becomes afraid: â€Å"Ellie doesn’t want to go to a shop now, couldn’t go into a shop now, doesn’t want any bloody ink, can’t write an essay, no matter what, no matter what it matters, doesn’t want any more coke, ever again† When she comes into a shop that offers stones with protective force, she remembers that her mother once gave her a stone like that. It makes her think about her mother’s love which she has always taken for granted: â€Å"[The stone was] an expression of something, of her mother, of her love, and Ellie had just shoved it away, taken it for granted† . Ellie thinks about all the impressions of the afternoon and gets a feeling of an omnipresent love that loops between everyone she meets, â€Å"It is filled with people, and everyone, everyone Ellie sees has the same substance within them, around them, connecting them, looping between them in great bonds of love† . Ellie knows that she is free to do whatever she likes, and even though, she choses to honor her Mother, and give her back, what she have given to her. Ellie conjures her mother before her and says her name and in saying it she honours it and gives it back to her. Realises this is something she can do. † After this Ellie becomes more and more attentive to the city. She suddenly gets a feeling of love going out from all the people surrounding her. The short story is called â€Å"A Gap of Sky† and this is exactly what Ellie gets. At one place in the city, there is an opening to the sky, and Ellie is able to see the sky in a place she has never seen it befor e. Figuratively speaking, this means that she is able to see into something greater than she was before. â€Å"She turns left, onto Shaftesbury Avenue, and as she turns there is a gap of sky to her right, an emptiness, a vacancy that she doesn’t remember seeing before, something destroyed, or being built† . Throughout this story, Ellie is facing a whole bunch of meaningful questions about life, death, freedom and love, which is teaching her to choose the right thing. She choses to write the essay and not to be kicked out of college, and she choses her future.

Climate Change Economics and Policy

Question: Discuss about the Climate Change Economics and Policy. Answer: Introduction: Climate change refers to the change in the global pattern which occurs due to changes in various parameters such as temperature, pressure, precipitation etc. While, climate change also happens automatically due to changes in solar exposure and the atmospheric composition, but these changes are very slow. However, the climate change issue that we face today is caused by humans and hence referred to as anthropogenic climate change. The primary evidence of this is the increase in the carbon dioxide levels since industrialisation which has already reached alarming levels (CSIRO, 2014). This increased level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is leading to higher temperature and global warming. This is summarised in the graph shown below. This carbon dioxide rise is primarily the result of unabated usage of fossil fuels since the beginning of the industrialisation. In the past, the climate change was nowhere as rapid as what has been taking place in the modern industrialised world. Further, since industrialisation the carbon dioxide levels have risen by about 45% i.e. from 280 ppm to 406.15 ppm which has led to an imbalance of the carbon cycle. This leads to accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere since the natural sinks are unable to absorb the carbon dioxide produced in so abundant quantities which in turn is and causing climate change (IPCC, 2013). The global efforts with regards to addressing climate change through treaties such as Kyoto Protocol are also testimony to the fact that the problem of climate change is indeed created by humans due to which efforts are being made to curb the greenhouse gases emission. The summary of the observed changes is presented below. Globally There has been a stark increase in the events comprising of extreme climate or weather since 1950. Additionally, there have been significant alterations in the global precipitation distribution and patterns. Since the advent of industrialisation, there has been an increase in the land and sea temperatures. Due to rise in temperature, there has been sizable melting of ice caps in both the Arctic and Antarctic regions. The melting ice has led to a rise in the mean sea levels by 0.17 m. The melting snow coupled with changing precipitation has led to alterations in distribution of hydrological resources. This in turn has had tremendous influence on the flora and fauna which are dependent on the availability of water. Some species of fishes that have not been able to adapt to this change in water quantity and quality have become extinct. Additionally, there has a marked increase in the incidence of floods and droughts due to alteration of precipitation and also global warming. Due to chan ges in climate, the food security is under threat as the crop patterns and yields are altering (IPCC, 2013). Australia As a result of the climate change, there has been an increase in temperature by 0.90 C over the last 100 years. There has been an increase in the incidence of extreme fire weather. Further, the number of days and nights when extreme heat is observed has seen a surge. Also, there has been an increase in the average rainfall but in different parts of the country, the change is variable. While the northwest region, average rainfall has increased, but in the southwest region, there has been a decline in average rainfall (CSIRO, 2014). Scientists tend to use mathematical models which simulate the various possible scenarios based on which they are able to model the interactions between the various biotic and abiotic components and hence predict the exact extent of change. Since, the modern day climate is driven to a large extent by anthropogenic activities, hence the estimated future climate projections are also driven by the extent of emissions of greenhouse cases by humans. The fifth assessment report by the IPCC captures the likely climate scenarios through the use of RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway). These RCPs tend to capture the concentration of four major greenhouse houses based on the trends and quantity of emissions which in turn is driven by the level of socio-economic development. There are four estimated levels namely RCP 8.5, RCP 6, RCP 4.5 and RCP 2.6 which are all driven by the amount of emissions. Further, for each of these emissions scenarios, the change in global temperature in the future has been modelled considering various realistic assumptions (IPCC, 2013). Thus, this provides a sneak into the possible rise in temperature in the future based on the different emissions level. The potential future impacts and consequences of climate change are summarised below. Globally Due to increase in temperature prompted by continued global warming, it is expected that there would be significant rise in sea levels and hence coastal zones that are low lying along with small island states would be adversely impacted. There would be increased risk of flooding in the interior parts leading to loss of life and property. Also, the extreme weather events are expected to continue as the imbalance in natural cycles continues to worsen up. There is high risk with regards to loss to biodiversity due to lack of adaptation and loss of habitat for flora and fauna. This is especially true for coastal and marine ecosystems. Further, the agricultural productivity would be adversely impacted due to growing unpredictability with regards to temperature and precipitation pattern which would fuel food insecurity (IPCC, 2013). Australia The agricultural activities in the Murray-Darling basin would be severely impacted with the exact amount of impact depending on the extent of mitigation. There would be loss of precious biodiversity in the Great Barrier Reef due to the coral bleaching on a wide scale. Also, the rise in temperature would cause deaths due to persistent heat waves especially in the interiors. Additionally, there would be loss of coastal wetlands and the buildings in the coastal areas can be adversely impacted. Further, the incidence of various diseases contracted through contaminated food and water would rise due to increase in extreme weather events (Garnaut, 2008). References CSIRO 2014, The Report - State of the Climate 2014, CSIRO Website, Available online from https://www.csiro.au/en/Research/OandA/Areas/Assessing-our-climate/State-of-the-Climate/2014-SoC-Report (Accessed on August 5, 2016) Garnaut, R 2008, The Garnaut Climate Change Review, University of Queensland, Available online from https://www.uq.edu.au/u21/docs/papers/Garnaut%20Climate%20Change%20Review.pdf (Accessed on August 5, 2016) IPCC 2013, Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, IPCC Website, Available online from https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/ (Accessed on August 5, 2016)

The Tempest How is Caliban presented and what is his dramatic significance to the play Essay Example

The Tempest How is Caliban presented and what is his dramatic significance to the play Essay Caliban is the son of Sycorax, a witch that originally inhabited (and so is the only true native) of the Island on which the play is set. He is the misshapen slave of Prospero who claimed the island as his own when he was banished to it 12 years previously.Prospero refers to him using earthly names, such as tortoise, making very clear quite early on that Caliban is not considered an equal by Prospero or Miranda. He is seen as a lower, uncivilised life-form because of the uneducated and primal state they originally met him in, making their actions to correct this mirror the current events during the Elizabethan period in regards to the discovery of the Americas. Shakespeare has used the character of Caliban to represent the natives of such countries, giving the role of the civilised invaders to Prospero and Miranda who attempt to educate Caliban in a bid to make him an acceptable person in the eyes of the society Prospero was usurped from. This was a failure, as although they took pai ns to make [him] speak they could not rid him of his primal nature or his uneducated sense of morals and so he could see nothing wrong with endeavouring to rape Miranda. This was the point where Prospero stopped trying to nurture Caliban into a respectable man and started seeing him as filth. Shakespeare chose to include such an occurrence to highlight the fact that we cannot judge natives from undeveloped countries by western standards, as however much semantic knowledge they acquire, it is made completely redundant if they are taught western morals to which we feel they should abide by, making Caliban crucial to conveying this theme.Despite the deficient schooling, he is very close to the natural aspect of the island, which is shown in his passionate and almost poetic description of it (The isle is full of noises / Sounds and sweet airs that give delight and hurt not) which is quite contradictory to the image of poisonous slave that Prospero describes.The theme of nature being tai nted with magic is also explored in the character of Ariel, as well as Caliban and Shakespeare presents these two characters as almost a representation of good and evil. Another common characteristic is that they are both under the control of Prospero, but they respond to their captivity in very different ways. Caliban sees his imprisonment as an injustice as he claims This islands mine by Sycorax, my mother, which thou takst from me and so responds to his captor in a negative way, whereas Ariel remains on the good side of Prospero and so receives much better treatment. Ariel is described as his fine apparition and is an airy spirit which corresponds more to the elements, leaving Caliban discussing springs, brine pits keeping the connection between him and the earth very strong.The actions of Caliban towards the end of the play draw parallels with the actions of Antonio as well, in the way his ambition leads him to attempting to usurp Prospero from his position. The only difference is that Antonio actually achieves this, but the raw ambition that led them to commit the deeds are the same, which is demonstrated when he tells Stephano and Trinculo The dropsy drown this fool I what do you meanTo dote thus on such luggage? Lets alone, And do the murder first

How to Use Footnotes in Research Papers

How to Use Footnotes in Research Papers A footnote is a reference, explanation, or comment1 placed below the main text on a printed page. Footnotes are identified in the text by a numeral  or a  symbol.  Ã‚   In research papers and reports, footnotes commonly acknowledge the sources of facts and quotations that appear in the text. Footnotes are the mark of a scholar, says Bryan A. Garner. Overabundant, overflowing footnotes are the mark of an insecure scholar - often one who gets lost in the byways of analysis and who wants to show off (Garners Modern American Usage, 2009). Examples and Observations Footnotes: vices. In a work containing many long footnotes, it may be difficult to fit them onto the pages they pertain to, especially in an illustrated work.Content footnotes  supplement or simplify substantive information in the text; they should not include complicated, irrelevant, or nonessential information...Copyright permission footnotes  acknowledge the source of lengthy quotations, scale and test items, and figures and tables that have been reprinted or adapted.Content FootnotesWhat, after all, is a  content footnote  but material that one is either too lazy to integrate into the text or too reverent to discard? Reading a piece of prose that constantly dissolves into extended footnotes is profoundly disheartening. Hence my rule of thumb for footnotes is exactly the same as that for  parentheses. One should regard them as symbols of failure. I hardly  need to add that in this vale of tears failure is sometimes unavoidable.Footnote FormsAll notes have the same gene ral form:1. Adrian Johns. The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 623.If you cite the same text again, you can shorten subsequent notes:5. Johns. Nature of the Book, 384-85. The Disadvantages of FootnotesMore than one recent critic has pointed out that footnotes interrupt a narrative. References detract from the illusion of veracity and immediacy . . . . (Noel Coward made the same point more memorably when he remarked that having to read a footnote resembles having to go downstairs to answer the door while in the midst of making love.)Belloc on Footnotes[L]et a man put his foot-notes in very small print indeed at the end of a volume, and, if necessary, let him give specimens rather than a complete list. For instance, let a man who writes history as it should be written - with all the physical details in evidence, the weather, the dress, colors, everything - write on for the pleasure of his reader and not for his critic. But let him take sections here and there, and in an appendix show the critic how it is being done. Let him keep his notes and challenge criticism. I think he will be secure. He will not be secure from the anger of those who cannot write clearly, let alone vividly, and who have never in their lives been able to resurrect the past, but he will be secure from their destructive effect. The Lighter Side of FootnotesA footnote is like running downstairs  to answer the doorbell on your wedding night. 1 The footnote has figured prominently in the fictions of such leading contemporary novelists as Nicholson Baker2, David Foster Wallace3, and Dave Eggers. These writers have largely revived the digressive function of the footnote.(L. Douglas and A. George, Sense and Nonsensibility: Lampoons of Learning and Literature. Simon and Schuster, 2004) 2 [T]he great scholarly or anecdotal footnotes of Lecky, Gibbon, or Boswell, written by the author of the book himself to supplement, or even correct over several later editions, what he says in the primary text, are reassurances that the pursuit of truth doesnt have clear outer boundaries: it doesnt end with the book; restatement and self-disagreement and the enveloping sea of referenced authorities all continue. Footnotes are the finer-suckered surfaces that allow tentacular paragraphs to hold fast to the wider reality of the library.(Nicholson Baker, The Mezzanine. Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1988) 3 One of the odd pleasures in reading the work of the late David Foster Wallace is the opportunity to escape from the main text to explore epic footnotes, always rendered at the bottoms of pages in thickets of tiny type.(Roy Peter Clark, The Glamour of Grammar. Little, Brown, 2010) Sources Hilaire Belloc,  On, 1923Chicago Manual of Style, University of Chicago Press, 2003Anthony Grafton,  The Footnote: A Curious History. Harvard University Press, 1999.Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed., 2010.Paul Robinson, The Philosophy of Punctuation.  Opera, Sex, and Other Vital Matters. University of Chicago Press, 2002.Kate Turabian,  A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 7th ed. University of Chicago Press, 2007.

Are Ghosts An Illusion Of The Mind Philosophy Essay

Are Ghosts An Illusion Of The Mind Philosophy Essay Ghosts are just one of the many subtopics that reside within the topic of paranormal. Paranormal experiences are studied using parapsychology: a scientific approach to supposedly â€Å"paranormal† experiences. With the use of H. J. Irwin’s brilliant book called, â€Å"An Introduction to Parapsychology Third Edition†, and Bobby Elgee’s article called, â€Å"‘Evidence’ of the Paranormal and Ghosts†, we are able to deduce a theoretically sound explanation of what is paranormal and since when has the topic been studied. Then, we analyze the survival hypothesis and the ability of a soul to live outside the body. After, we proceed to the definition of ghosts and their usual whereabouts while setting the conditions that they usually appear in as well as to who they appear. Finally, we go on to claiming that these experiences are not really ghosts, but either hallucinations or just simply paranormal due to the witnesses’ wild conclusion that it couldn’t be anything other than a ghost. Ghosts: An Illusion of the Mind Ghosts are not what you think they are, far from it. They aren’t the friendly little ghost you see in â€Å"Casper†, nor are they the â€Å"Bloody Baron† from SpongeBob Squarepants who haunts the ocean for eternity. They might not even be anything at all, just a word people exploit to an unknown object which might have a logical explanation. Yet, most cultures in the world believe in the body having a soul which like the heart, can exist and survive in another body. Yet, even if such an idea is generally believe by a large population of the world, it may not be true. Thought or belief proves nothing, for if it were, then a group could believe in radioactive helicopter bunnies and it would be fact. Yet, people need proof, therefore, to believe ghosts, we need proof that they exist. Life isn’t neither what people see in movies, read in books nor see in pictures. Therefo re, neither are ghosts. In order to prove ghosts don’t exist, we have to analyze the parapsychological and the paranormal, the survival theory, the situations in which ghost usually appear and how most experiences are most likely fakes. According to Bobby Elgee, â€Å"the word ‘paranormal’ simply means ‘not scientifically explainable.'† (Elgee, 2009, pg 1) Meanwhile, parapsychology is known â€Å"as the study of apparent anomalies of behavior and experience that exist apart from currently known explanatory mechanisms that account for organism-environment and organism-organism information and influence flow† (Irwin, 1999, pg 1). Therefore, it is the commutation of a being to another, or a being to a surrounding. In other words, parapsychology is using a scientific approach to study experiences that may be paranormal and â€Å"to determine whether or not the evident paranormal quality of a given class of parapsychological experience is authenti c or ontologically real.† (Irwin, 1999, pg 9) According to Irwin, â€Å"recorded instances of parapsychological experiences of course may be found among all cultures and in all historic periods.† (Irwin, 1999, pg 13) Yet, the testing of such experiences for accuracy and authenticity was slower to emerge. Some, â€Å"such as Henry More and Joseph Glanvill showed themselves alert to the possibility of fraud, delusion, and unreliable observation†, but their views more religious than scientific as they were â€Å"endeavoring to ascertain the earthly presence of the devil and diabolical forces.† (Irwin, 1999, pg 14) It was later that Francis Bacon made a call â€Å"for objective scrutiny of parapsychological experiences† (Irwin, 1999, pg 14) which was more scientific than More and Glanvill, but â€Å"at the time society was not receptive to such a view and Bacon’s arguments went unheeded.† (Irwin, 1999, pg 14) Then, a center in England call ed the Society for Psychical Research where parapsychologists are â€Å"united in their conviction that the objective investigation of parapsychological phenomena was called for, despite the prevailing disinterest in such research among the established divisions of science.† (Irwin, 1999, pg 13) Even today, most of society disregards the subject as scientific, yet â€Å"parapsychology is under taken as a scientific endeavor regardless of its subject matter, flaws in any of its research procedures, and the skeptical rhetoric of its critics.† (Irwin, 1999, pg 2) Therefore, Irwin states that, â€Å"All ESP experiences thus are parapsychological, but we require proof that any of them could be paranormal.† (Irwin, 1999, pg 2)

Healthcare Policy & Management Project - Mothers Room and ADA Research Paper

Healthcare Policy & Management Project - Mothers Room and ADA Compliant Bathrooms - Research Paper Example passed specific structural needs to enhance the accessibility of the people and provided an enhanced level of support to the employees particularly for mother workers and the employees with disability. This project involves developing a plan to provide Mothers (Lactation Aid) Room in The Company’s global headquarters located in New York City to provide private rooms for new mothers who wish to continue breastfeeding after returning to work. The policies will be designed in accordance with the workplace breastfeeding support provision in the Patient and Protection and Affordable Care Act (Section 4207) and the guidelines established by the Department of Labor, Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). According to Murtagh & Moulton (2011) the requirement for a workplace that supports the different needs of the employees is extremely important in the present day context. Angeletti (2009) noted that there has been a primary need for lactation rooms in the workplace for breast-feeding working mothers. Mensah (2011) further mentions that owing to the fact that the child bearing ages and the employable years of a women’s life is suffering and thus the employers should be providing them with additional support to maintain their work life balance (Tsai, 2013). Department of Labor (2010) articulated that the new policies have been reframed in order to enhance better support to the working mothers. The companies are reframing their policies in order to enhance their structural support to the new mothers to provide care for their babies and enhance their work life balance (York, 2008). The companies need to efficiently handle their structural development to provide with the lactation rooms. This would enhance the new mother’s confidence to join back office post delivery (CDC, 2004). Furthermore, it would also help the working mothers to enhance their balance between professional and personal life. Lleras (2008) further stated that the number of working women has increased in

Legalizing Prostitution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Legalizing Prostitution - Research Paper Example First of all, several individuals note that prostitution should remain illegal, so as preserve morality within a given community. Many people especially with families do not want their children growing up knowing that prostitution is acceptable and it is a moral practice within the society. Analysts argue that Christians are among the groups of people that look down upon prostitution and perceive it as immoral. The topic of whether prostitution should be legalized or not has become very contentious. This essay will undertake a study of the advantages and disadvantages of prostitution in an attempt to decode the best stand for the society at large. Legalized prostitution has been documented to promote safety in the neighborhoods. The police and the government authorities will not only put restriction measures in the brothels and prostitution institutions but also offer protection services. In situations where prostitutes rob clients, the client will be in a better position to report to the authorities for action and punishment. The prostitutes, on the other hand, will not fear reporting crimes committed to them. The legal measures put in place will deter prostitutes from committing crimes to their clients.Legalization of prostitution will reduce the rates of crime within the society. When a woman is accused of prostitution, she feels intimidated and will not seek for employment due to embarrassment. This makes them get involved in crime, the reason many women are jailed in this contemporary era. Unlike when prostitution is legalized, women will be free to conduct prostitution thus reducing the rate of unemployment and crime rates among women. With legalization most of the crimes committed to the prostitutes and clients will reduce because women will have specific protected areas to do their business. Legalization of prostitution will put law enforcement measures to better use. For instance, instead of the government using the law enforcement resources in curbing prostitution in the society, they can make use of the resource to fight other serious crimes committed against persons or property (Clark p.86). Lots of resources are more often than not put in place to curb prostitution but, all these efforts seem to go to waste because prostitution is still rampant. If prostitution is legalized, then the government would have an easier time dealing with prostitutes in the society. It m ay be said that the fight against prostitution is doomed to fail, since there are no well established ways of dealing with prostitutes, as well as clients. The authority may harass the prostitutes, but will not stop them from doing what they do best. A study conducted by the Rand Corporation in the city of Los Angeles found that the authorities have done nothing except push the prostitutes across the city's boundaries (Pheterson p.105). This shows that there is a immense predicament within the society in relation to the legalization process. There are those individuals who are not ready accept the process not considering that the vice affects their lives in one way or another. The governments around the world should protect other individual rights, like right to property rather than getting too concerned with issues of prostitution that are difficult to control. Studies indicate that prostitutes go through a very difficult time whilst conducting their day to day activities. Some pro stitutes are normally beaten, harassed and with no resources dedicated towards protection of their rights; they end up suffering a great mile. With legalization and free market for prostitution to take place, the prostitutes will have rights to police protection and to legal provision of resources.